Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. 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Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. France seized Southeast Asia, creating its colony of French Indochina. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. [4] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Kublai Khan By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). id In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. It broke out in 1794, and was at full height in 1796, among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). ." #ga-ad {display: none;} Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. Kublai Khan (1215-1294) was the greatest of the Mongol emperors after Genghis Khan and founder of the Yan dynasty in China., Tibet We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. This is a list of major rebellions that have occurred in China from 209 BCE to present times. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; . The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. [2][3]. The rebels are all our own subjects. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. ." [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions He simply and quietly disappeared. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. "[5] This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. They are not like some external tribe . Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished by the 19th century. ." Encyclopedia.com. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. [4], Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. (present perfect, tell). Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. (February 22, 2023). After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. [citation needed]. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. Updates? The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). In the period after about 1680 the introduction of corn (maize) and sweet potatoes, followed in the 18th century by the introduction of the Irish potato, made upland farming possible. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). //]]>. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. The White Lotus continued to be active, and it might have influenced the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. Chien-lung List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing.
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